Finland’s rare wild forest reindeer may be facing total extinction, says the Finnish Hunters` Association. The group is calling for Finland and the EU to jointly protect the wild reindeer by further regulating the population of large predators.

Across the tundra 1,500 kilometers (1,000 miles) to the east, Canada’s Beverly herd, numbering more than 200,000 a decade ago, can barely be found today.

Halfway around the world in Siberia, the biggest aggregation of these migratory animals, of the dun-colored herds whose sweep across the Arctic’s white canvas is one of nature’s matchless wonders, has shrunk by hundreds of thousands in a few short years.

From wildlife spectacle to wildlife mystery, the decline of the caribou — called reindeer in the Eurasian Arctic — has biologists searching for clues, and finding them.

They believe the insidious impact of climate change, its tipping of natural balances and disruption of feeding habits, is decimating a species that has long numbered in the millions and supported human life in Earth’s most inhuman climate.

Many herds have lost more than half their number from the maximums of recent decades, a global survey finds. They ”hover on the precipice of a major decline,” it says.

The ”People of the Caribou,” the native Gwich’in of the Yukon and Alaska, were among the first to sense trouble, in the late 1990s, as their Porcupine herd dwindled. From 178,000 in 1989, the herd — named for the river crossing its range — is now estimated to number 100,000.

”They used to come through by the hundreds,” James Firth, 56, of the Gwich’in Renewable Resources Board said as he guided two Associated Press journalists across the tundra.

Off toward distant horizons this summer afternoon, only small groups of a dozen or fewer migrating caribou could be seen grazing southward across the spongy landscape, green with a layer of grasses, mosses and lichen over the Arctic permafrost.

”I’ve never seen it like this before,” Firth said of the sparse numbers.

More than 50 identifiable caribou herds migrate over huge wilderness tracts in a wide band circling the top of the world. They head north in the spring to ancient calving grounds, then back south through summer and fall to winter ranges closer to northern forests.

The Porcupine herd moves over a 250,000-square-kilometer (100,000-square-mile) range, calving in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, near Alaska’s north coast, where proposals for oil drilling have long stirred opposition from environmentalists seeking to protect the caribou.

The global survey by researchers at the University of Alberta, published in June in the peer-reviewed journal Global Change Biology, has deepened concerns about the caribou’s future.

Drawing on scores of other studies, government databases, wildlife management boards and other sources, the biologists found that 34 of 43 herds being monitored worldwide are in decline. The average falloff in numbers was 57 percent from earlier maximums, they said.

Siberia’s Taimyr herd has declined from 1 million in 2000 to an estimated 750,000, as reported in the 2008 ”Arctic Report Card” of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The Taimyr is the world’s largest herd, but Canada and Alaska have more caribou, and the Alberta study reported that 22 of 34 North American herds are shrinking. Data were insufficient to make a judgment on seven others.

In an AP interview, Liv Solveig Vors, the June report’s lead author, summarized what is believed behind the caribou crash: ”Climate change is changing the way they’re interacting with their food, directly and indirectly.”

Global warming has boosted temperatures in the Arctic twice as much as elsewhere, and Canadian researchers say the natural balance is suffering:

–Unusual freezing rains in autumn are locking lichen, the caribou’s winter forage, under impenetrable ice sheets. This was the documented cause in the late 1990s of the near-extinction of the 50,000-strong Peary caribou subspecies on Canada’s High Arctic islands.

–Mosquitoes, flies and insect parasites have always tormented and weakened caribou, but warmer temperatures have aggravated this summertime problem, driving the animals on crazed, debilitating runs to escape, and keeping them from foraging and fattening up for winter.

–The springtime Arctic ”green-up” is occurring two weeks or more earlier. The great caribou migrations evolved over ages to catch the shrubs on the calving grounds at their freshest and most nutritious. But pregnant, migrating cows may now be arriving too late.

Vors said caribou are unlikely to adjust.

”Evolutionary changes tend to take place over longer time scales than the time scale of climate change at the moment,” she said. Climatologists foresee northern temperatures rising several degrees more this century unless global greenhouse gas emissions are sharply reduced soon.

Caribou herds have gone through boom-and-bust cycles historically, but were never known to decline so uniformly worldwide.

Leading Canadian specialist Don Russell, coordinator of a new global network formed to more closely monitor what’s happening to the herds, said experts are focusing on ”what has changed between this decline and previous declines.”

”We’ve seen a number of areas where climate change is playing a big role, and we see some very dramatic trends,” he said in an interview in Whitehorse, the Yukon territorial capital.

In neighboring Northwest Territories, the territorial government on Sept. 24 reported results of its aerial survey of the Bathurst herd: Its population has dropped to about 32,000, from 128,000 in 2006.

”The numbers are not getting better. There’s no good news, no indication of recovery,” J. Michael Miltenberger, the environment and natural resources minister, said by telephone from Yellowknife, the capital.

He said ”there’s a huge issue” with the Beverly herd, which numbered 276,000 in 1994, ranging over the Canadian tundra 1,500 kilometers (1,000 miles) due north of North Dakota.

”We’ve been flying north to south, east to west,” Miltenberger said. ”By our count, with the Beverly herd, they’ve all but disappeared.”

Climate change is piling problem upon problem on the caribou, he said, including bogging them down in thawing permafrost and lengthening the wildfire season, burning up their food.

”The cumulative impact is bringing enormous pressure on the caribou,” he said.

And that puts pressure on Canada’s ”first nations,” who for at least 8,000 years have relied on the harvest of caribou meat for the winter larder, have settled along migration routes, have built their material culture around the animal — using skin, bones and sinews for clothing, shelter, tools, thread, even their drums.

”There are probably ominous implications for communities relying on caribou,” Russell said.

Such reliance is mirrored in Siberia and northern Scandinavia, where the Sami people make a hard living herding reindeer as livestock. Freezing rains there are reported to have forced Sami to buy fodder to substitute for ice-locked forage.

Here in the timeless, silent beauty of Gwich’in country, his people may face ”hard decisions,” Firth acknowledged, perhaps to limit their hunt to ease the pressure.

”The future of the Gwich’in and the future of the caribou are the same,” the Gwich’in often say. But even more may be at stake.

On this summer day above the Arctic Circle, binoculars found a group of caribou being stalked and circled by a hungry grizzly bear, a needy predator and another link in an intricate, interdependent natural web that may be unraveling, year by year and degree by degree, on the tundra.

— Наше муниципальное унитарное предприятие, пожалуй, единственное в республике и в Эвено-Бытантае, сохранившее прежнее совхозное название «Ленинский», — закуривает сигарету директор хозяйства Семен Андросов. — Имеем восемь тысяч оленей (с частными — 12,5 тысячи), триста лошадей.

В этом году «ленинцы» получили чуть более двух тысяч оленят, деловой выход составил 69 процентов. Правда, тугутов меньше, чем в прошлом году. Неплохие результаты по сохранению взрослого поголовья животных у бригад, возглавляемых Александром Мироновым и Иннокентием Колесовым. Одной из основных проблем традиционной отрасли северян Семен Семенович считает нашествие волков. Серые хищники буквально идут по пятам за оленьими стадами. Правда, как он замечает, сейчас за голову волка полагается со всеми накрутками и добавками от «Сахабулта» 25 тысяч рублей.

— А как вы охотитесь на серых разбойников: гоняетесь за ними на «Буранах»?
— У нас сплошь и рядом горы: на снегоходах шибко не погоняешь. В основном, стрелки ходят пешком и на лыжах. К тому же сейчас запретили применять ядохимикаты. Хотя сказать по правде, прежние яды особого вреда волкам не наносили. Иногда приходится прибегать к услугам авиаторов. А час лета вертолета — 120 тысяч.
— А отчего стало так много волков?
— Причин немало. Одна из них — стало много зайцев, а волки идут за ними. Еще появились дикие олени, чего давно не наблюдалось. «Дикари» тоже любимое лакомство серых хищников…
Далее Семен Андросов говорит, что они не жалуются на невнимание Минсельхоза, так, оленеводы ежемесячно получают гарантированную зарплату, за увеличение численности оленей полагаются дополнительные выплаты. «Словом, сейчас благодаря поддержке отрасли со стороны властей дела идут неплохо», — тушит сигарету директор унитарного предприятия.
Касаясь материально-технической базы, Семен Семенович поведал, что на днях должны повезти в стадо жилой дом из бруса, сделанный местными мастерами. Жилье будет установлено на месте маршрута оленьих кочевий. Есть планы по обновлению коралей, работы начнутся после установления твердого снега. В скором времени надо сделать облет стад, доставить туда продукты и снаряжение, заодно вывезти оставшихся ребят, запоздавших в школы. Нелишним будет напомнить, что в последних Играх Севера оленеводы «Ленинского» никому не уступили первого места.
— А какова ситуация с выпасом лошадей?
— Имеем триста лошадей, они пасутся в притоках речек. Нынче травостой слабый. Только в Кустурском отделении выполнили план сенозаготовки, наверное, придется везти корма со стороны. Но не унываем. Бензином запаслись до нового года. Что касается техники, то ее у нас немного. При перевозках в основном пользуемся услугами частных механизаторов, тем более, что это сезонные работы. Еще раз подчеркиваю: мы не жалуемся, живем и работаем, как говорится, не богато, но себя обеспечиваем…
— А якутские коровы не входят в сферу вашего влияния?
— Ими занимается генофондный питомник «Бытантай», все вопросы по аборигенному скоту к ним.

Источник

 Many may not know that there are reindeer on Iceland at all, where a small scattered wild herd (no herding here) is concentrated in the East of the island and is subjected to an annual commercial hunt.

The staff at East Iceland Natural History Institute is quite busy these days making reindeer calves and counting wild reindeers in the eastern part of Iceland. One staff member was lucky to get away alive when a reindeer attacked him.

The reindeer, a doe with a newborn calf, attacked Reimar Ásgeirsson when he tried to approach the offspring to mark it.

“The doe ran towards me with, trying to stab me. I just managed to grab her horns before she reached me and slide sideward, so only the other horn stabbed my coat,” Ásgeirsson told Morgunbladid.

The cow tried repeatedly to stab Ásgeirsson but he managed to run away.

Another employee of  East Iceland Natural History Institute, Gustaf F. Eggertson, took an outstanding picture of reindeers swimming over Jökla, a glacial river which runs though the eastern highlands. It is known that reindeers can easily cross rivers, but there are few eye witnesses.

Enlish translation from Iceland Review